PSG has now secured the season-opening trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the French league winners and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
However, Marseille struck twice late to seize a shock advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to send the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.